Identifying the Effective Challenges and Indicators in Entrepreneurial Attitudes in the Contents of Elementary Textbooks

Abstract

Purpose: Entrepreneurial attitudes in the contents of elementary textbooks play an important role in improving students' entrepreneurial attitudes. As a result, the aim of this research was identifying the effective challenges and indicators in entrepreneurial attitudes in the contents of elementary textbooks. Methodology: The present research in terms of time was cross-sectional, in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was survey from type of analytical. The research population was all primary school teachers in Takab city in the academic years of 2020-21 with number 362 people, which number of 127 people of them based on Cochran's formula were selected by stratified random sampling method based on gender. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire of effective challenges and indicators in entrepreneurial attitudes in the contents of elementary textbooks whose validity was confirmed by academic experts and its reliability by Cronbach's alpha method for effective challenges in entrepreneurial attitudes was obtained 0.83 and for effective indicators in entrepreneurial attitudes was obtained 0.92. Data were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis in SPSS software version 24. Findings: Findings showed that the effective challenges in entrepreneurial attitudes in the contents of elementary textbooks included eight factors of inattention to entrepreneurship, theorizing of concepts, lack of education, voluntary activities, lack of educational space and context, lack of support of officials, lack of evaluation and teacher skills and these factors could explain 90.54% of the variance of the effective challenges in entrepreneurial attitudes. Also, the effective indicators in entrepreneurial attitudes in the contents of elementary textbooks included seven factors of self-efficacy, participation and interaction, talent identification, operationalization and acquisition of skills, bedding and creating opportunities, desire and confidence to success and flexibility of officials and these factors could explain 93.20% of the variance of the effective indicators in entrepreneurial attitudes. Conclusion: The results showed eight effective challenges and seven effective indicators in entrepreneurial attitudes in the contents of elementary textbooks. Therefore, the curriculum experts and planners according to them can take an effective step to improve entrepreneurial attitudes in the contents of textbooks.